Have noticed lately that there's more interest in watches on CPF than in past years. As a watch enthusiast, I love seeing that. However, some members might enjoy a run-down of the most important aspect of a watch ... the movement. But first, a condensed history of the modern watch industry.
When pocket-watches no longer became simply fascinating mechanical marvels for royalty and the wealthiest of nobleman to enjoy, mainly thanks to the dawn of the Industrial Revolution which brought parts costs down substantially, the common man could afford them. Little actually changed though regarding pocket-watches themselves. Other than most were now no longer produced with a staggering amount of complications (features) built into the watches. (In at least one case, 32 different complications. And that's not the highest number stuffed into a mechanical pocket watch either, while still allowing a reasonable size for carrying it. Makes modern-day G-Shocks look less impressive.) Significantly less precious metals were used as well. In some cases brass was used instead of gold for the watch cases themselves. Brass can be polished to a nice shine.
Pocket-watches for the common man were often simple affairs (in terms of complications). Though some were still made with luxury in mind. Many pocket-watches often featured Roman Numerals around the dial and two hands. One for the hours and one for the minutes. That was it. (BTW, the reason why old-fashioned pocket-watch dials [and grand-father clocks] feature "IIII" for the 4 o'clock marker instead of the proper "IV," is due to the Roman language itself. IV is sometimes confused for the Roman word "God." Thus it would look very odd to have a dial which reads, One, Two, Three, God, Five. Therefore, you often see "IIII" in place of "IV.") In case one's watch might accidentally stop due to forgetting to wind it once a day, quite a few pocket watches also featured a continuous-running small seconds hand inside a sub-dial. Glance at a pocket-watch's dial, and if the seconds hand wasn't moving, you knew your watch stopped. No date feature (hadn't been invented yet).
Old-fashioned pocket watches were delicate affairs. Though to be honest, not nearly as delicate as modern-day Smartphones. (Which many use as pocket-watches for telling the time.) A collection of mainly small gears and springs, pocket-watches had to be wound by using the crown, once each day to work all day long. Often they were wound every morning. (In Bram Stoker's "Dracula," Jonathan Harker specifically mentions winding his pocket-watch every night before going to bed.) The crown also set the hands. Which was sometimes done quite often as mechanical pocket-watches for a very long time, simply were not very accurate. Once pocket-watches became common, there was no innovation. None, for years upon years. It was seen as unnecessary. And then something changed that. Something forced innovation upon the watch industry ...
Railroad standards for pocket-watches became standardized during the very early 20th Century (though they did exist many years prior). This was due to a horrific train accident in 1891 in America. A train came barreling into a station which was still occupied by the train ahead of it on the schedule. The tragedy cost many lives. Including that of the conductor of the train that was still in the station. Though he was not killed in the crash itself. Blaming himself and feeling horribly guilty, the conductor committed suicide that night. To add more tragedy to this train collision, the official investigation revealed that the conductor was not at fault. His pocket-watch had been accurate. The watch belonging to the conductor of the other train had been running too fast. Thus, causing him to believe it was several minutes later than it really was. Thus, the other train came into the station too early.
In order to make sure this never happened again, numerous railroads in America agreed that timepieces needed to all be standardized across the industry. There were no quartz watches back then. Just relatively inaccurate mechanical ones. (This is why it bothers me that some modern-day quartz watches have "Railroad Approved" printed on the dials of their watches. Usually white-dial wrist-watches with a bit of an old-fashioned look. Neither wrist-watches nor quartz movement existed when these standards went into place. So, it's just an empty marketing ploy.)
So, innovation was demanded. Hamilton especially came out on top back then. They were able to meet the very tight and rigid standards demanded from the railroads. Basically, no bigger variation in gaining or losing 4 seconds daily (Maximum variation of only 30 seconds a week). Now that standard is very easy for a quartz movement to meet. An absolutely herculean effort for a mechanical watch that typically would vary sometimes a handful of minutes a day. Hamilton and a few other American watch brands pulled it off. Back during the start of the 20th Century, if you wanted the absolutely best watch you could get; you didn't buy a Swiss-Made timepiece. You bought an American-made Hamilton. Rolex existed back then. But it had a very different reputation than it does now. Rolex back then was new and was a British brand known as simply a caser. (Putting movements and quite a few parts made from established brands into their own cases and selling the completed watches for very little money.)
During the Boer War, officers realized the short-comings of pocket-watches and began wearing wrist-watches. The early wrist-watches were little more than converted pocket-watches. (Wrist-watches being seen primarily as dainty pieces of jewelry for women.) So, in 1899, pocket-watches first became obsolete. Though it took the rest of the world approximately 25 years to realize that as well. When the first World War broke out, many officers and soldiers went into battle wearing converted pocket-watches on their wrists. The conversions were done by independent watchmakers who were very plentiful back then. The conversions typically involved removal of the latch, replacement of the large crown and stem with a much smaller crown, rotating the movement and dial so that the crown was now positioned at the 3 o'clock position instead of the 12. Next came soldering lugs with fixed bars to the top and bottom of the case. Followed by attachment of (usually) a very thin strap of flexible leather. Thus, the first Men's wrist-watch. Though nothing was done to beef up the durability of the watches. Some were crude affairs. Others downright good-looking. Soon, watch brands began making dedicated Men's wrist-watches. With Cartier being the first.
As usual with the watch industry, things became stagnant again. Wrist-watches require smaller parts. And small wrist-watches were in style. (Those same Men's watches are today considered Ladies-sized.) Smaller parts generally means less accuracy. Though mechanical watch movements are available in different grades. The best in the Swiss industry is called Chronometer grade. Watch movements are tested in various positions. And Chronometer grade ones are certified to not vary more than 7 seconds a day and not less than 4 seconds a day. Though honestly, Japanese brands such as Seiko can easily do better. And often have with domestic market models. In America we get decent mechanical models with plenty of deviation. Though Chronometer (COSC) grade movements are generally over-hyped and command huge premiums. Any experienced independent watchmaker can open up a mechanical watch and regulate it so it becomes more accurate for you. Though it still won't be absolutely spot-on. Regulating a watch with a decent mechanical movement inside is both easy and inexpensive.
World War II was a dark time. Many sacrifices were made. The most obscure of which ended up being the entire American watch industry. While the Swiss did make certain changes during war-time that would ultimately appeal to Post-war customers, the American watch industry was put on absolute hold. No watches for the civilian market. Military personnel only during the duration of the war. When the war was over, American brands were forced to play catch-up to the Swiss. Ultimately, they never caught up. After 1952, Hamilton slowly became less and less American as more and more watch parts were bought, shipped over, and put into their watches. Hamilton and other U.S. brands incrementally became less and less American-Made in all the ways that truly mattered.
The biggest change to the industry came in the form of the Quartz revolution from Japan in the 1970s. Traditional brands from America, Switzerland, and Germany all saw the warning signs. But laughed at the thought that the Japanese and quartz technology were any real threat. The result? ... What was left of the American watch industry died. (Only in recent years have a few micro brands tried to revive it. The only one with any real success has been RGM.) The Swiss watch industry would have died too. Nick Hayek consolidated 20 Swiss brands in order keep much of the industry alive. Quartz technology in the 1970's was incredibly expensive. Mechanical watches were seen as horribly obsolete and outdated. Quartz watches offered many advantages over mechanical ones.
More accuracy, by far. Even compared to mechanical watches that meet COSC standards. Far more durable than mechanical watches. Far less servicing required. (Much of the time, just changing the battery is all that's needed.) Not subject to getting magnetized the way mechanical watches can. (Instead of losing a few seconds a day, imagine losing 20 - 30 minutes a day. And fixing the problem requires a de-magnetizer. Now you can buy a cheap one off eBay. Back then, it required finding a watchmaker with the right machine.) Also, nowadays quartz watches are cheap because quartz technology has become incredibly inexpensive.
No lie, no joke ... A $5 digital quartz watch purchased at the supermarket is going to be far more accurate and durable than mechanical watches. Even some mechanical models costing literally as much as a nice house. (No, that's not a typo.)
While certain Swiss brands, such as Rolex, came out unscathed after the '70s. The vast majority did not and would not have survived had it not been for consolidation. (Monopolies are not frowned upon in Switzerland. Just the opposite as a matter of fact.) The largest consolidation once again took place thanks to Mr. Hayek. In the '80s, he decided to beat the Japanese at their own game. Swatch was created. And became wildly popular among teens. Especially young girls who often wore several Swatches on each arm. So popular that the consolidation officially became known as The Swatch Group. Incorporating 19 of the biggest brands in the industry. (Oris was not happy with its position within the consolidation and its employees bought Oris out of it before it official became the Swatch Group.) Ironically, the vast majority of the Swiss watch industry (including many luxury brands) survived and now thrive because it was saved by Swatch. A brand known for making cheap, often funky, quartz watches designed primarily to appeal to young girls as fashion accessories.
The Swatch Group exists today and controls a very significant share of the market. ETA, a Swatch Group brand that makes mechanical movements for pretty much the entire watch industry (except for Japan, and China) is now controlled by Nick Hayek Jr., along with the rest of the Swatch Group. The latest update to the industry is that he has decided that ETA will no longer supply movements to non-Swatch Group brands. Other Swiss-based mechanical movement makers do exist. Though none as huge as ETA. Supply of ETA movements will be gradually reduced and finally cut off completely by the year 2019. ETA will lose out on massive profits. Though even the very small micro brands won't go out of business. There are options such as the other Swiss movement makers and Japanese brands such as Seiko, and Citizen. (Citizen's Miyota mechanical movements in particular are excellent. And the Japanese are willing to do business with brands they don't own.)
With regards to the prestige that "Swiss-Made" watches enjoy. The sad reality is that for most such brands, (though not all) it has become a marketing gimmick. Currently, any watch that is assembled (not made) in Switzerland up to just 51%; legally qualifies as "Swiss-Made" in that nation. Many so-called "Swiss-Made" watches have a great deal of parts inside made in China and other nations. Among watch enthusiasts and collectors, it's the worst-kept secret in the watch industry. Basically, if a "Swiss-Made" watch costs less than several thousands of dollars, you're getting something that only meets that nation's legal definition of the term.
Unfortunately mechanical movements are no longer made by the hands of skilled and experienced artisans. They haven't been made that way in a very long time. Often, machines put mechanical watches together. A worker then inspects them. Perhaps a bit of hand-polishing of parts, at best. This is true of all inexpensive brands, and many luxury brands. Just an unfortunate truth of what the industry has become.
Below are a couple of vids. that go into precise detail regarding mechanical, and quartz movements. (If I didn't include the vids., this post would easily be 3x bigger.) The one for mechanical movements is from 1949. But honestly, very little has changed regarding mechanical movements since then. The biggest one is the addition of a free-swinging rotor which very slowly winds the spring with each movement of your arm and body. Thus, if you stay active, there's no need to wind your mechanical watch once a day. A mechanical with such a rotor placed on top of the movement is known as an "automatic" or an automatic movement. The addition of that rotor is literally the only difference between a mechanical watch and an automatic watch.
Quartz watches are well-known but the vid. should help with regards to details.
There are specialized movements. One is called Kinetic. Basically the disadvantages of both automatic watches and quartz watches all rolled up in one. Seiko is the only brand able to make decent Kinetic watches. Pretty much every other brand has abandoned the technology. Instead of a rotor winding a spring, your arm movements charge up a battery inside the watch. So if you have a desk job, your watch is likely to stop (like an automatic). Plus, your watch might die anyway when the battery finally gets old (like a traditional quartz watch).
We also have solar-powered watches. Seiko has a line of those. But Citizen's Eco-Drive technology is King of the Mountain. All the advantages of quartz without the biggest disadvantage of the battery dying without notice 1 to 3 years after you buy the watch. There's a battery in there. But it's a special solar-powered rechargeable one that can be recharged with artificial light (like your favorite flashlight). Plus, Eco-Drive models typically last over a full decade before the special battery needs replacing. (This is where Citizen screws up with their marketing. Yes, you will need to replace a battery with an Eco-Drive watch. You'll just not need to do it anytime soon.) Battery replacement requires buying the special battery yourself off eBay and finding a good independent watchmaker to open up your Citizen. Or, you'll have to ship your watch off to Japan for Citizen to properly service your Eco-Drive watch. I have a Citizen BM7080-03E Eco-Drive model. It has been absolutely fantastic! I consider Eco-Drive watches to be high-end quartz and I recommend them highly.
Before ending this post (yup, there's more; but not much more [I promise]) I'd like to invite any CPFers who want to know more about the watch Industry and watch movements to please post your questions in this topic. I'll monitor it closely. (You think I'm not going to after typing all that above?) And will do my best to answer your questions. I didn't get into in-house movements vs. ETA-based ones. But if you want to know about that or literally anything else watch related, just go ahead and ask.
When pocket-watches no longer became simply fascinating mechanical marvels for royalty and the wealthiest of nobleman to enjoy, mainly thanks to the dawn of the Industrial Revolution which brought parts costs down substantially, the common man could afford them. Little actually changed though regarding pocket-watches themselves. Other than most were now no longer produced with a staggering amount of complications (features) built into the watches. (In at least one case, 32 different complications. And that's not the highest number stuffed into a mechanical pocket watch either, while still allowing a reasonable size for carrying it. Makes modern-day G-Shocks look less impressive.) Significantly less precious metals were used as well. In some cases brass was used instead of gold for the watch cases themselves. Brass can be polished to a nice shine.
Pocket-watches for the common man were often simple affairs (in terms of complications). Though some were still made with luxury in mind. Many pocket-watches often featured Roman Numerals around the dial and two hands. One for the hours and one for the minutes. That was it. (BTW, the reason why old-fashioned pocket-watch dials [and grand-father clocks] feature "IIII" for the 4 o'clock marker instead of the proper "IV," is due to the Roman language itself. IV is sometimes confused for the Roman word "God." Thus it would look very odd to have a dial which reads, One, Two, Three, God, Five. Therefore, you often see "IIII" in place of "IV.") In case one's watch might accidentally stop due to forgetting to wind it once a day, quite a few pocket watches also featured a continuous-running small seconds hand inside a sub-dial. Glance at a pocket-watch's dial, and if the seconds hand wasn't moving, you knew your watch stopped. No date feature (hadn't been invented yet).
Old-fashioned pocket watches were delicate affairs. Though to be honest, not nearly as delicate as modern-day Smartphones. (Which many use as pocket-watches for telling the time.) A collection of mainly small gears and springs, pocket-watches had to be wound by using the crown, once each day to work all day long. Often they were wound every morning. (In Bram Stoker's "Dracula," Jonathan Harker specifically mentions winding his pocket-watch every night before going to bed.) The crown also set the hands. Which was sometimes done quite often as mechanical pocket-watches for a very long time, simply were not very accurate. Once pocket-watches became common, there was no innovation. None, for years upon years. It was seen as unnecessary. And then something changed that. Something forced innovation upon the watch industry ...
Railroad standards for pocket-watches became standardized during the very early 20th Century (though they did exist many years prior). This was due to a horrific train accident in 1891 in America. A train came barreling into a station which was still occupied by the train ahead of it on the schedule. The tragedy cost many lives. Including that of the conductor of the train that was still in the station. Though he was not killed in the crash itself. Blaming himself and feeling horribly guilty, the conductor committed suicide that night. To add more tragedy to this train collision, the official investigation revealed that the conductor was not at fault. His pocket-watch had been accurate. The watch belonging to the conductor of the other train had been running too fast. Thus, causing him to believe it was several minutes later than it really was. Thus, the other train came into the station too early.
In order to make sure this never happened again, numerous railroads in America agreed that timepieces needed to all be standardized across the industry. There were no quartz watches back then. Just relatively inaccurate mechanical ones. (This is why it bothers me that some modern-day quartz watches have "Railroad Approved" printed on the dials of their watches. Usually white-dial wrist-watches with a bit of an old-fashioned look. Neither wrist-watches nor quartz movement existed when these standards went into place. So, it's just an empty marketing ploy.)
So, innovation was demanded. Hamilton especially came out on top back then. They were able to meet the very tight and rigid standards demanded from the railroads. Basically, no bigger variation in gaining or losing 4 seconds daily (Maximum variation of only 30 seconds a week). Now that standard is very easy for a quartz movement to meet. An absolutely herculean effort for a mechanical watch that typically would vary sometimes a handful of minutes a day. Hamilton and a few other American watch brands pulled it off. Back during the start of the 20th Century, if you wanted the absolutely best watch you could get; you didn't buy a Swiss-Made timepiece. You bought an American-made Hamilton. Rolex existed back then. But it had a very different reputation than it does now. Rolex back then was new and was a British brand known as simply a caser. (Putting movements and quite a few parts made from established brands into their own cases and selling the completed watches for very little money.)
During the Boer War, officers realized the short-comings of pocket-watches and began wearing wrist-watches. The early wrist-watches were little more than converted pocket-watches. (Wrist-watches being seen primarily as dainty pieces of jewelry for women.) So, in 1899, pocket-watches first became obsolete. Though it took the rest of the world approximately 25 years to realize that as well. When the first World War broke out, many officers and soldiers went into battle wearing converted pocket-watches on their wrists. The conversions were done by independent watchmakers who were very plentiful back then. The conversions typically involved removal of the latch, replacement of the large crown and stem with a much smaller crown, rotating the movement and dial so that the crown was now positioned at the 3 o'clock position instead of the 12. Next came soldering lugs with fixed bars to the top and bottom of the case. Followed by attachment of (usually) a very thin strap of flexible leather. Thus, the first Men's wrist-watch. Though nothing was done to beef up the durability of the watches. Some were crude affairs. Others downright good-looking. Soon, watch brands began making dedicated Men's wrist-watches. With Cartier being the first.
As usual with the watch industry, things became stagnant again. Wrist-watches require smaller parts. And small wrist-watches were in style. (Those same Men's watches are today considered Ladies-sized.) Smaller parts generally means less accuracy. Though mechanical watch movements are available in different grades. The best in the Swiss industry is called Chronometer grade. Watch movements are tested in various positions. And Chronometer grade ones are certified to not vary more than 7 seconds a day and not less than 4 seconds a day. Though honestly, Japanese brands such as Seiko can easily do better. And often have with domestic market models. In America we get decent mechanical models with plenty of deviation. Though Chronometer (COSC) grade movements are generally over-hyped and command huge premiums. Any experienced independent watchmaker can open up a mechanical watch and regulate it so it becomes more accurate for you. Though it still won't be absolutely spot-on. Regulating a watch with a decent mechanical movement inside is both easy and inexpensive.
World War II was a dark time. Many sacrifices were made. The most obscure of which ended up being the entire American watch industry. While the Swiss did make certain changes during war-time that would ultimately appeal to Post-war customers, the American watch industry was put on absolute hold. No watches for the civilian market. Military personnel only during the duration of the war. When the war was over, American brands were forced to play catch-up to the Swiss. Ultimately, they never caught up. After 1952, Hamilton slowly became less and less American as more and more watch parts were bought, shipped over, and put into their watches. Hamilton and other U.S. brands incrementally became less and less American-Made in all the ways that truly mattered.
The biggest change to the industry came in the form of the Quartz revolution from Japan in the 1970s. Traditional brands from America, Switzerland, and Germany all saw the warning signs. But laughed at the thought that the Japanese and quartz technology were any real threat. The result? ... What was left of the American watch industry died. (Only in recent years have a few micro brands tried to revive it. The only one with any real success has been RGM.) The Swiss watch industry would have died too. Nick Hayek consolidated 20 Swiss brands in order keep much of the industry alive. Quartz technology in the 1970's was incredibly expensive. Mechanical watches were seen as horribly obsolete and outdated. Quartz watches offered many advantages over mechanical ones.
More accuracy, by far. Even compared to mechanical watches that meet COSC standards. Far more durable than mechanical watches. Far less servicing required. (Much of the time, just changing the battery is all that's needed.) Not subject to getting magnetized the way mechanical watches can. (Instead of losing a few seconds a day, imagine losing 20 - 30 minutes a day. And fixing the problem requires a de-magnetizer. Now you can buy a cheap one off eBay. Back then, it required finding a watchmaker with the right machine.) Also, nowadays quartz watches are cheap because quartz technology has become incredibly inexpensive.
No lie, no joke ... A $5 digital quartz watch purchased at the supermarket is going to be far more accurate and durable than mechanical watches. Even some mechanical models costing literally as much as a nice house. (No, that's not a typo.)
While certain Swiss brands, such as Rolex, came out unscathed after the '70s. The vast majority did not and would not have survived had it not been for consolidation. (Monopolies are not frowned upon in Switzerland. Just the opposite as a matter of fact.) The largest consolidation once again took place thanks to Mr. Hayek. In the '80s, he decided to beat the Japanese at their own game. Swatch was created. And became wildly popular among teens. Especially young girls who often wore several Swatches on each arm. So popular that the consolidation officially became known as The Swatch Group. Incorporating 19 of the biggest brands in the industry. (Oris was not happy with its position within the consolidation and its employees bought Oris out of it before it official became the Swatch Group.) Ironically, the vast majority of the Swiss watch industry (including many luxury brands) survived and now thrive because it was saved by Swatch. A brand known for making cheap, often funky, quartz watches designed primarily to appeal to young girls as fashion accessories.
The Swatch Group exists today and controls a very significant share of the market. ETA, a Swatch Group brand that makes mechanical movements for pretty much the entire watch industry (except for Japan, and China) is now controlled by Nick Hayek Jr., along with the rest of the Swatch Group. The latest update to the industry is that he has decided that ETA will no longer supply movements to non-Swatch Group brands. Other Swiss-based mechanical movement makers do exist. Though none as huge as ETA. Supply of ETA movements will be gradually reduced and finally cut off completely by the year 2019. ETA will lose out on massive profits. Though even the very small micro brands won't go out of business. There are options such as the other Swiss movement makers and Japanese brands such as Seiko, and Citizen. (Citizen's Miyota mechanical movements in particular are excellent. And the Japanese are willing to do business with brands they don't own.)
With regards to the prestige that "Swiss-Made" watches enjoy. The sad reality is that for most such brands, (though not all) it has become a marketing gimmick. Currently, any watch that is assembled (not made) in Switzerland up to just 51%; legally qualifies as "Swiss-Made" in that nation. Many so-called "Swiss-Made" watches have a great deal of parts inside made in China and other nations. Among watch enthusiasts and collectors, it's the worst-kept secret in the watch industry. Basically, if a "Swiss-Made" watch costs less than several thousands of dollars, you're getting something that only meets that nation's legal definition of the term.
Unfortunately mechanical movements are no longer made by the hands of skilled and experienced artisans. They haven't been made that way in a very long time. Often, machines put mechanical watches together. A worker then inspects them. Perhaps a bit of hand-polishing of parts, at best. This is true of all inexpensive brands, and many luxury brands. Just an unfortunate truth of what the industry has become.
Below are a couple of vids. that go into precise detail regarding mechanical, and quartz movements. (If I didn't include the vids., this post would easily be 3x bigger.) The one for mechanical movements is from 1949. But honestly, very little has changed regarding mechanical movements since then. The biggest one is the addition of a free-swinging rotor which very slowly winds the spring with each movement of your arm and body. Thus, if you stay active, there's no need to wind your mechanical watch once a day. A mechanical with such a rotor placed on top of the movement is known as an "automatic" or an automatic movement. The addition of that rotor is literally the only difference between a mechanical watch and an automatic watch.
Quartz watches are well-known but the vid. should help with regards to details.
There are specialized movements. One is called Kinetic. Basically the disadvantages of both automatic watches and quartz watches all rolled up in one. Seiko is the only brand able to make decent Kinetic watches. Pretty much every other brand has abandoned the technology. Instead of a rotor winding a spring, your arm movements charge up a battery inside the watch. So if you have a desk job, your watch is likely to stop (like an automatic). Plus, your watch might die anyway when the battery finally gets old (like a traditional quartz watch).
We also have solar-powered watches. Seiko has a line of those. But Citizen's Eco-Drive technology is King of the Mountain. All the advantages of quartz without the biggest disadvantage of the battery dying without notice 1 to 3 years after you buy the watch. There's a battery in there. But it's a special solar-powered rechargeable one that can be recharged with artificial light (like your favorite flashlight). Plus, Eco-Drive models typically last over a full decade before the special battery needs replacing. (This is where Citizen screws up with their marketing. Yes, you will need to replace a battery with an Eco-Drive watch. You'll just not need to do it anytime soon.) Battery replacement requires buying the special battery yourself off eBay and finding a good independent watchmaker to open up your Citizen. Or, you'll have to ship your watch off to Japan for Citizen to properly service your Eco-Drive watch. I have a Citizen BM7080-03E Eco-Drive model. It has been absolutely fantastic! I consider Eco-Drive watches to be high-end quartz and I recommend them highly.
Before ending this post (yup, there's more; but not much more [I promise]) I'd like to invite any CPFers who want to know more about the watch Industry and watch movements to please post your questions in this topic. I'll monitor it closely. (You think I'm not going to after typing all that above?) And will do my best to answer your questions. I didn't get into in-house movements vs. ETA-based ones. But if you want to know about that or literally anything else watch related, just go ahead and ask.
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But if you have questions, please PM me and I will answer them.
