there are kill switches, but when your hair pulled and head bangged against rotating metal, in fraction of a second, you will most likely not be able to use it regardless of location, and ways of operating.
some lathes do have spindle\chak (sp?) cover, it wouldn't really stop your long hair getting cought, may be a little, but at least it wouldn't bang your head against rotating spindle, but i rearly seen those things stay on, ppl remove them, for many reasons, like save time, or simply cuz it is not needed if safety rules are followed.
when i was in school we had one guy leave the key in the spindle and turn the lathe on, there was no spindle cover on that lathe, he was lucky, he got hit by flying key, had half of the face, swallen and blue, but he learned his lesson well.