Runtime is subsumed by the brightness feature. The brighter the light the shorter the runtime. At the extreme I should always be able to pick a setting that exhausts the batteries in an hour or less. Battery size -- is that what you mean? -- is not a a feature that has an optimal value. For some applications we want big batteries and for others, small. Same with size. No optimal state there either. Low cost, durability, and availability go without saying. (Remember: the exercise is to define the optimum flashlight -- the end state of flashlight technology.) I'm just interested in the core function, and when I think of what the core function is, I only see three dimensions: low vs high brightness or runtime, color, and spill vs throw. Possibly there is something I am missing about the geometry of the spot, but I can't think of what.