Here is a short course for beginning techinicians, it looks at basic electronics from a very fundamental beginners view, utilizing basic algebra to explain the simple concepts.
If you start at the beginning, this simple course builds upon itself as it goes, never jumping so far you cannot grasp what is being talked about.
"Technician for Dummies"
I have a short description listed for each, and then a short index on the contents of each, with a html link at the end, so you can click/cut and paste and enjoy.
Unfortunately, this material doesn't go into calculus at the end and continue with Engineer type stuff. Its still a great simple basics, that is 100% free.
NEETS, MODULE 01--INTRODUCTION TO MATTER, ENERGY, AND DIRECT CURRENT
Presents information on matter make up and behavior of matter, magnetism, methods of producing electricity, and direct current problem solving. Topic 1 presents information on matter, energy, electricity, and symbology. Topic 2 discusses batteries. Included are discussions on the battery cell, chemical processes, polarization, uses, and safety precautions. Topic 3 introduces direct current circuits and explains many of the formulas that are used routinely in electricity.
Matter, Energy, and Electricity
Matter
Energy Levels
Valence
Nature of Charges
Magnetism
Magnetic Poles
Theories of magnetism, Webers Theory
Lines of Force
Magnetic Shielding
Electrical Charges
Voltage Produced by Friction
Voltage Produced by Chemical Action
Electric Current
Measurement of Current
Conductance
Wattage Rating
Chapter 1 Summary
Chapter 1 Answers
Chapter 2 - Batteries
Primary Cell
Polarization of the cell
Other Types of Cells
Series-Connected Cells
Battery Construction
Safety Precautions With Batteries
Chapter 2 Summary
Chapter 2 Answers
Chapter 3 - Direct Current
The basic electric circuit
Ohm's law
Application of ohm's law
Graphical analysis of the basic circuit
Power
Power rating
Power conversion and efficiency
Series DC circuits
Current in a Series Circuit
Voltage in a Series Circuit
Power in a Series Circuit
Rules for Series DC Circuits
Kirchhoff's voltage law
Application of Kirchhoff's voltage law
Series Aiding and Opposing Sources
Circuit terms and characteristics
Open circuit
Short circuit
Source resistance
Power transfer and efficiency
Parallel DC circuits
Voltage in a Parallel Circuit
Current in a Parallel Circuit
Resistance in a Parallel Circuit
Power in a Parallel Circuit
Equivalent Circuits
Rules for Parallel DC Circuits
Series-parallel DC circuits
Practice Circuit Problem
Redrawing circuits for clarity
Redrawing a Complex Circuit
Effects of open and short circuits
Voltage dividers
Multiple-load voltage dividers
Power in the voltage divider
Voltage divider with positive and negative voltage requirements
Practical application of voltage dividers
Equivalent circuit techniques
Danger signals
Electrical fires
Summary
Rules for series DC circuits
Rules for parallel DC circuits
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NEETS, MODULE 02--INTRODUCTION TO ALTERNATING CURRENT AND TRANSFORMERS
Introduces alternating current theory and power supplies. Topic 1 discusses the differences between alternating and direct current, magnetism, generation of alternating current, and characteristics of sine waves. Topic 2 introduces inductance characteristics, such as electromotive force, self inductance, and mutual inductance. Topic 3 introduces capacitance. Discussions are presented on the electrostatic field, capacitor characteristics, and series and parallel capacitive circuits. Topic 4 presents information on inductive and capacitive reactance, power in reactive circuits, and power factors. Topic 5 describes transformer characteristics.
CONCEPTS OF ALTERNATING CURRENT
Voltage Waveform
Magnetic Field of a Coil
Basic AC Generation
Frequency
Alternating Current Values
Effective Value of a Sine Wave
Sine Waves in Phase
Ohm's law in AC Circuits
Summary
Answers
INDUCTANCE
Self-Inductance
Inductance
Unit of Inductance
L/R Time Constant
Power Loss in an Inductor
Series Inductors without Magnetic Coupling
Summary
Answers
CAPACITANCE
The Farad
Charging and Discharging a Capacitor
Charge and discharge of an RC Series Circuit
RC Time Constant
Capacitors in series and parallel
Fixed Capacitor
Color codes for Capacitors
Summary
Answers
Inductive and Capacitive Reactance
Inductive Reactance
Capacitors and Alternating Current
Capacitive Reactance
Reactance, Impedance, and Power Relationships in AC Circuits
Impedance
Ohm's Law for AC
Power in AC Circuits
Calculating Reactive Power in AC Circuits
Calculating Apparent Power in AC Circuits
Power Factor
Power Factor Correction
Series RLC Circuits
Inductive and Capacitive Reactance Summary
Inductive and Capacitive Reactance Answers
Transformers
Basic Operation of a Transformer
Hollow-Core Transformers
Transformer Windings
Schematic Symbols for Transformers
Producing a Counter EMF
Coefficient of a coupling
Effect of a load
Power Relationships between primary and secondary windings
Transformer Ratings
Safety Effects of Current on the body
Transformers Summary
Transformers Answers
Useful AC Formulas
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NEETS, MODULE 03--INTRODUCTION TO CIRCUIT PROTECTION, CONTROL, AND MEASUREMENT
Presents information on circuit measurements, circuit protection devices, and circuit control devices. Topic 1 discusses basic ohmmeters, ammeters, voltmeters, wattmeters, and frequency meters. Topic 2 discusses circuit protection devices, such as fuses and circuit breakers. Topic 3 discusses switches, solenoids, and relays.
Chapter 1 Circuit Measurement
Circuit Measurement
Introduction To Circuit Measurement
In-Circuit Meters
Figure 1-2.?Compass And Conductor With Direct Current
Permanent-Magnet Moving-Coil Movement
Figure 1-5.?A Movable Coil In A Magnetic Field (Current)
Figure 1-7.?Coil And Hairsprings
Figure 1-9.?Assembled Meter Movement.
Compass And Alternating Current
Rectifier For Ac Measurement
Damping
Electrodynamic Meter Movement
Moving-Vane Meter Movements
Hot-Wire And Thermocouple Meter Movements
Ammeters
Ammeter Connected In Series
Effect On Circuit Being Measured
Ammeter Ranges
Ammeter Ranges-Cont.
Figure 1-22.?An Ammeter With Internal Shunt Resistors
Figure 1-23.?An Ammeter Employing The D'arsonval Principle And External Shunts
Range Selection
Ammeter Safety Precautions
Loading Effect
Figure 1-26.?The Loading Effect.
Making A Voltmeter From A Current Sensitive Meter Movement
Ranges
Figure 1-28.?A Voltmeter And A Range Resistor
Figure 1-29.?A Voltmeter With Internal Range Resistors
Electrostatic Meter Movement
Voltmeter Safety Precautions
Using The Ohmmeter
Ohmmeter Ranges
Figure 1-33.?An Ohmmeter With Multiplication Jacks
Shunt Ohmmeter
Ohmmeter Safety Precautions
Megohmmeter
Megger Safety Precautions
Multimeter
Multimeter Controls
Figure 1-38.?A Multimeter Scale And Reading
Parallax Error
Figure 1-39.?A Multimeter Scale With Mirror
Figure 1-41.?A Parallax Error In A Meter Reading
Multimeter Safety Precautions
Hook-On Type Voltammeter
Wattmeter
Watt-Hour Meter
Frequency Meters
Figure 1-47.?Simplified Disc Of A Vibrating-Reed Frequency Meter. Indicator Dial
Moving-Disk Frequency Meter
Figure 1-49.?Meter Recognition
Figure 1-50.?Multimeter Reading Practice.
Figure 1-51.?Meter Reading Practice
Circuit Measurement
Assembled Arrangement
Damping
The Hot-Wire Movement
Ammeter
Voltmeters
Ohmmeters
Megohmmeter (Megger)
Multimeter
Hook-On Type Voltameter
Wattmeter
Watt-Hour Meter
Frequency Meters-Cont.
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q70
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q70
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q70
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q70
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q70
Chapter 2 Circuit Protection Devices
Circuit Conditions Requiring Protection Devices
Circuit Protection Devices
Fuses
Circuit Breakers
Plug-Type Fuse
Figure 2-5.?Cartridge-Tube Fuse.
Time Delay Rating
Standard
Identification Of Fuses
New Military Designation
Old Commercial Designation
New Commercial Designation
Clip-Type Fuseholder
Checking And Replacement Of Fuses
Checking Fuses With A Meter
Replacement Of Fuses
Proper Fit Of Replacement Fuses
Preventive Maintenance Of Fuses
Circuit Breakers
Figure 2-16.?Circuit Breaker Components
Terminal Connectors
Thermal Trip Element
Thermal-Magnetic Trip Element
Trip-Free/Nontrip-Free Circuit Breakers
Time Delay Ratings
Figure 2-23.?Circuit Breaker With An Operating Handle
Circuit Breaker Maintenance
Circuit Protection Devices
Plug-Type Fuses
Fast Fuses
New Military Fuse Designation
The Old Commercial Fuse Designation
Fuseholders
Open Fuses
Proper Fit
A Thermal Trip Element
Thermal-Magnetic Trip Element
Working On Circuit Breakers
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q43
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q43
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q43
Chapter 3 Circuit Control Devices
Introduction
Types Of Circuit Control Devices
Switch Types
Multicontact Switches
Figure 3-3.?Multicontact Switches
Single-Break And Double-Break Switches
Rotary Switches
Figure 3-7.?Rotary Switch In Automobile Ignition System
Figure 3-9.?Wafer Switch
Other Types Of Switches
Momentary And Locked Position Switches
Snap-Acting Switches
Figure 3-14.?Common Actuators And Their Uses For Accurate Snap-Acting Switches
Maintenance And Replacement Of Switches
Figure 3-15.?Table Of Correct Readings
Replacement Of Switches
Preventive Maintenance Of Switches
Solenoids
Figure 3-17.?Solenoid Action
Maintenance Of Solenoids
Relays
Figure 3-19.?Relay Construction
Figure 3-21.?Relay Contact Arrangement
Figure 3-23.?A Thermal Time-Delay Relay
Figure 3-24.?Relay Enclosures
Maintenance Of Relays
Figure 3-26.?Burnishing Tool.
Circuit Control Devices
Poles
Number Of Positions
Momentary Position
Current Rating
Solenoid
Clapper Relays
Burnishing Tool
Point Bender
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q30
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q30
Appendix I Glossary
Appendix I Glossary
Appendix I Glossary
Appendix Ii Laws Of Exponents
Appendix Ii Laws Of Exponents
Appendix Iii Schematic Symbols
Appendix Iii Schematic Symbols
Appendix Iii Schematic Symbols
Appendix Iii Schematic Symbols
Appendix Iii Schematic Symbols
Appendix Iii Schematic Symbols
Appendix Iii Schematic Symbols
Appendix Iii Schematic Symbols
Appendix Iii Schematic Symbols
Appendix Iii Schematic Symbols
Appendix Iv Cross Reference Of Military And Commercial Fuse Designations
Module 3 Index
Module 3 Index
Module 3 Index
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NEETS, MODULE 04--INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS, WIRING TECHNIQUES AND SCHEMATIC READING
Introduces electrical conductors, wiring techniques, and schematics. Topic 1 covers wire characteristics and insulation. Topic 2 covers conductor wiring techniques, including splicing, soldering, and lacing. Topic 3 covers schematic reading, marking systems, and some basic safety practices and precautions.
Chapter 1 Electrical Conductors
Square Mil
Figure 1-2.?A Comparison Of Circular And Square Mils
Circular-Mil-Foot
Specific Resistance Or Resistivity
Wire Sizes
Wire Sizes-Cont.
Table 1-2.?Standard Solid Copper (American Wire Gauge)
Stranded Wires And Cables
Figure 1-6.?Stranded Conductor
Factors Governing The Current Rating
Safe Current Ratings
Temperature Coefficient
Dielectric Strength
Code-Graded Rubber
Plastics
Asbestos
Paper
Silk And Cotton
Mineral Insulated
Nonmetallic Protection
Rubber And Synthetic Coverings
Metallic Armor
Coaxial Cable
Conductor Sizes
Insulating Materials
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q36
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q36
Chapter 2 Wiring Techniques
Conductor Splices And Terminal Connections
Hand Wire Stripper
Locally Made Hot-Blade Wire Stripper
General Wire-Stripping Instructions
Staggering Splices
Rattail Joint
Knotted Tap Joint
Splice Insulation
Friction Tape
Figure 2-11.?Noninsulated Terminal Lugs And Splices
Noninsulated Terminal And Splice Insulation
Compressed Air/Nitrogen Heating Tool
Table 2-1.?Compressed Air/Nitrogen Heating Tool Power Requirements
Noninsulated Copper Terminals
Aluminum Terminals And Splices
Figure 2-17.?Aluminum Terminal Lug And Splice
Preinsulated Copper Terminal Lugs And Splices
Table 2-2.?Color Coding Of Copper Terminal Lug Or Splice Insulation
Figure 2-20.?Hand-Crimping Tools
Preinsulated Splices
Crimping Procedure For Splices
Figure 2-24.?Locating Splice In Crimping Tool.
Soldering
Figure 2-25.?Dip-Tinning In A Solder Pot.
Alternative Dip-Tinning Procedure
Procedure For Tinning Copper Wire With A Soldering Iron
Soldering Irons
Figure 2-29.?Soldering Iron Tip Shapes
Soldering Gun
Resistance Soldering Set
Pencil Iron And Special Tips
Solder
Figure 2-35.?Tin-Lead Fusion Diagram
Flux
Soldering Aids
Lacing Conductors
Figure 2-40.?Lacing Shuttle
Single Lace
Double Lace
Figure 2-44.?Terminating Double Lace.
Figure 2-46.?Marling Hitch As A Lock Stitch.
Spot Tying
Self-Clinching Cable Straps
High-Temperature Pressure-Sensitive Tape Lacing
Insulation Removal
Terminal Lugs
Aluminum Terminals And Splices
Soldering
Lacing Conductors
Answers To Questions Q1 Through Q56
Answers To Questions Q1 Through Q56
Answers To Questions Q1 Through Q56
Chapter 3 Schematic Reading
Test Equipment Cable-Marking Systems
Figure 3-2.?Test Equipment Cable Marking
Wire-Marking Systems
Figure 3-4.?Designating Conductor Marking Between Unlike Terminals
Power Tool And Appliance Marking Systems
Pictorial Diagram
Sometric Diagram
Single-Line Diagram
Schematic Diagram
Figure 3-10?Schematic Diagram.
Schematic Diagram-Cont.
Wiring Diagram
Terminal Diagram
Synthetic Insulation
Electrical Or Electronic Circuits And Portable Power Tools
Figure 3-14.?Danger Tag.
High Voltage Precautions
Portable Electric Power Tools
Cable- And Wire-Marking Systems
Isometric Diagram
Block Diagram
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q18.
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q18.
Appendix I Glossary
Appendix I Glossary
Appendix I Glossary
Appendix I Glossary
Appendix I Glossary
Appendix Ii Electrical And Electronic Symbols
Appendix Iii References Used To Develop The Training Manual
Module 4 Index
Module 4 Index
Module 4 Index
Module 4 Index
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NEETS, MODULE 05--INTRODUCTION TO GENERATORS AND MOTORS
Covers basic construction and theory of operation of AC & DC generators and motors.
Chapter 1 Direct Current Generators
The Elementary Generator
Figure 1-2.?The Elementary Generator
The Elementary Dc Generator
Figure 1-4.?Effects Of Commutation
Effects Of Adding Additional Coils And Poles
Electromagnetic Poles
Armature Reaction
Compensating Windings And Interpoles
Motor Reaction In A Generator
Armature Losses
Eddy Current Losses
The Practical Dc Generator
Drum-Type Armature
Field Excitation
Classification Of Generators
Shunt-Wound Generators
Figure 1-17.?Compound-Wound Generator
Generator Construction
Voltage Regulation
Voltage Control
Figure 1-21.?Hand-Operated Field Rheostat
Amplidynes
Figure 1-22.?Ordinary Dc Generator
Figure 1-24.?Amplidyne Load Brushes
The Left-Hand Rule For Generators
Elementary Generator
Multipole Generator
Armature Reaction
Motor Reaction
Armature Types
Compound-Wound Dc Generators
Amplidynes
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q24
Chapter 2 Direct Current Motors
Figure 2-1.?Right-Hand Rule For Motors
Counter Emf
Motor Loads
Figure 2-3.?Series-Wound Dc Motor
Compound Motor
Types Of Armatures
Drum-Wound Armature
Motor Speed
Armature Reaction
Manual And Automatic Starters
Series Motors
Compound Motors
The Drum-Wound Armature
Starting Resistors
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q16-Cont.
Chapter 3 Alternating Current Generators
Rotating-Armature Alternators
Rotating-Field Alternators
Practical Alternators
Figure 3-3.?Ac Generator Pictorial And Schematic Drawings
Alternator Rotors
Alternator Characteristics And Limitations
Two-Phase Alternators
Figure 3-7.?Connections Of A Two-Phase, Three-Wire Alternator Output.
Three-Phase Alternator
Three-Phase Connections
Figure 3-9.?Three-Phase Alternator Or Transformer Connections
Frequency
Frequency-Cont.
Voltage Regulation
Parallel Operation Of Alternators
Rotating Armature-Alternator
Rotor Construction
Two-Phase Alternator
Three-Phase Alternators
Alternator Frequency
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q21
Chapter 4 Alternating Current Motors
Series Ac Motor
Rotating Magnetic Fields
Figure 4-2.?Two-Phase Motor Stator
Figure 4-3.?Two-Phase Rotating Field.
Three-Phase Rotating Fields
Rotor Behavior In A Rotating Field
Synchronous Motors
Induction Motors
Figure 4-9.?Types Of Ac Induction Motor Rotors
Single-Phase Induction Motors
Split-Phase Induction Motors
Resistance-Start
Shaded-Pole Induction Motors
Speed Of Single-Phase Induction Motors
Ac Series Motors
Synchronous Motors
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q13
Appendix I Glossary
Appendix I Glossary
Appendix I Glossary
Appendix I Glossary
Module 5 Index
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NEETS, MODULE 06--INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC EMISSION, TUBES, AND POWER SUPPLIES
Presents an introduction to the theory of electronic emission and electron tubes. Topic 1 covers the construction, function, and theory of operation of the diode, triode, tetrode, and pentode. Topic 2 presents special-purpose tubes. The basic vacuum-tube power supply, including voltage and current regulation, and the methods used to isolate faulty components are covered in Topic 3.
Chapter 1 Introduction To Electron Tubes
Figure 1-1.?Thermionic Emission
Figure 1-2.?Edison's Experimental Circuit.
Operation Of The Diode Tube
Diode Operation With A Positive Plate
Measuring Diode Voltages
Diode Operation With An Alternating Voltage On The Plate
Diode Construction
Directly Heated
Plates
Figure 1-9.?Diode Construction
The Envelope
Electrical Parameters Of Diodes
Figure 1-12.?Determining Diode Plate Characteristic
Figure 1-13.?Ep - Ip Characteristic Curve
Plate Resistance (Rp)
Plate Dissipation
Summary Of Diode Parameters And Limitations
The Triode-Cont.
Figure 1-15.?Deforest's Experiment.
Figure 1-16.?Operation Of The Plate Load Resistor
Introduction To Grid Bias
Grid Bias
Figure 1-18.?Typical Grid Waveforms
Operation Of The Triode
Operation Of The Triode-Cont.
Factors Affecting Triode Operation
Figure 1-20.?Overdriven Triode
Plate Saturation
Types Of Biasing
Figure 1-22.?Cathode Bias
Figure 1-23.?Effect Of The Bypass Capacitor
Grid-Leak Biasing
Figure 1-25.?Shunt Grid-Leak Biasing
Series Grid-Leak Bias
Operating Classifications Of Tube Amplifiers
Class Ab Operation
Transit Time
Amplification Factor
Figure 1-28.?Obtaining Gain And Transconductance.
Transconductance
Transconductance-Cont.
Interelectrode Capacitance
Development Of The Tetrode
Figure 1-31.?Basic Tetrode Circuit
Tetrode Characteristics
The Pentode
Summary
Diode Operation
Characteristic Curve
Operation Of A Triode
Transit Time
Tetrodes
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q33
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q33
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q33
Chapter 2 Special-Purpose Tubes
Figure 2-1.?Typical Multi-Unit Tube Symbols
Beam Power And Power Pentode Tubes
Figure 2-5.?Electron Flow In A Power Pentode
Figure 2-6.?The Beam-Power Tube
Variable-Mu Tubes
Figure 2-7.?Cutoff In A Conventional Tube
Figure 2-8.?Grid Operation In A Remote-Cutoff Tube
Special Uhf Tubes
Figure 2-9.?Effect Of Transit Time At Ultrahigh Frequencies
Uhf Tube Types
Figure 2-11.?Concentric Construction Of A Conventional Tube
Figure 2-13.?Internal Structure Of A Typical Planar Tube
Gas-Filled Tubes
Gas Triode
Cold-Cathode Tubes
Figure 2-16.?Cold-Cathode Tube Operation
The Cathode-Ray Tube (Crt)
The Electron Gun
Figure 2-19.?Operation Of The Crt Grid
The Crt Screen
Deflection
Electrostatic Deflection
Figure 2-25.?Horizontal Deflection
Vertical Deflection
Figure 2-27.?Vertical Deflection In A Crt
Summary Of The Crt
Figure 2-28.?Summary Of The Crt
Electron Tubes
Cathode-Ray Tubes (Crts)
Radioactive Electron Tubes
Radioactive Electron Tubes-Cont.
Conventional Tubes
Beam-Power Tubes
Uhf Tubes
Planar Tubes
Cold-Cathode Tubes
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q18.
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q18.
Chapter 3 Power Supplies
The Basic Power Supply
The Transformer
A Practical Half-Wave Rectifier
Figure 3-6.?Simplified Half-Wave Rectifier Circuit And Waveforms
Figure 3-7.?Peak And Average Values For A Half-Wave Rectifier
The Conventional Full-Wave Rectifier
A Practical Full-Wave Rectifier
Figure 3-10.?Complete Full-Wave Rectifier.
A Practical Full-Wave Rectifier-Cont.
The Bridge Rectifier
Figure 3-13.?Comparison Of Conventional Full-Wave And Bridge Rectifiers
Filters
Figure 3-15.?Capacitor Filter. Fast Charge Time
Figure 3-16.?Rc Time Constant Chart.
Figure 3-17.?Voltage Drops In An Inductive Filter
The Capacitor Filter
Figure 3-22.?Half-Wave/Full-Wave Rectifiers (With Capacitor Filters)
Figure 3-24.?Half-Wave Rectifier Capacitor Filter (Negative Input Cycle)
Figure 3-25.?Full-Wave Rectifier (With Capacitor Filter)
The Capacitor Filter -Cont.
Thermionic Emission-Cont.
The Lc Choke-Input Filter
Figure 3-27.?Waveforms For A Lc Choke-Input Filter
Figure 3-29.?Lc Choke-Input Filter (Discharge Path)
Figure 3-31.?Filtering Action Of An Lc Choke-Input Filter
Figure 3-32.?Half-Wave Rectifier With An Lc Choke-Input Filter.
Figure 3-34.?Actual And Equivalent Circuits
Figure 3-35.?Dc Component In An Lc Choke-Input Filter
Figure 3-36.?Full-Wave Rectifier With An Lc Choke-Input Filter
Resistor-Capacitor (Rc) Filters
Resistor-Capacitor (Rc) Filters-Cont.
Lc Capacitor-Input Filter
Voltage Regulation
Load Regulation
Regulators
Series Voltage Regulator
Shunt Voltage Regulator
Basic Vr Tube Regulator Circuit
Figure 3-43.?Basic Vr Tube Regulator
Basic Vr Tube Regulator Circuit-Cont.
Vr Tubes Connected In Series
Vr Tubes Connected In Parallel
Electron Tube Voltage Regulator
Figure 3-48.?Electron Tube Voltage Regulator Using A Battery For The Fixed Bias
Current Regulation
The Amperite Regulator-Cont.
Troubleshooting Power Supplies
Plug In The Power Supply And Look For
Component Problems
Transformer And Choke Troubles
Capacitor And Resistor Troubles
Summary
Half-Wave Rectifiers
Capacitance Filters
Pi-Type Filters
Simple Electron Tube Regulators
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q45
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q45-Cont.
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q45-Cont.
Appendix I Glossary
Appendix I Glossary
Appendix I Glossary
Appendix I Glossary
Appendix I Glossary
Module 6 Index
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NEETS, MODULE 07--INTRODUCTION TO SOLID-STATE DEVICES AND POWER SUPPLIES
Deals with solid-state devices and power supplies on a basic level. It presents a basic discussion of electron and hole flow in semiconductor devices and explains the construction, function, and theory of operation of the transistor. Also covered are the purpose modular circuitry and the advantages of integrated circuits over conventional transistor circuits, and the construction and use of the other solid-state devices such as the Zener diode, tunnel diode, varactor, silicontrolled rectifier, triac, unijunction transistor, and the more commonly used opto-electric devices. Fundamentals of solid-state power supplies are also covered.
Chapter 1 Semiconductor Diodes
Semiconductor Development
Semiconductor Applications
Semiconductor Competition
Semiconductor Theory
Figure 1-2.?The Composition Of A Simple Helium Atom
Figure 1-3.?Shell Designation
Energy Bands
Figure 1-5.?The Energy Arrangement In Atoms
Covalent Bonding
Figure 1-7.?A Typical Crystal Structure
Conduction Process
Doping Process
N-Type Semiconductor
Semiconductor Diode
Construction
Figure 1-14a.?The Point-Contact Type Of Diode Construction
Pn Junction Operation
Junction Barrier
Forward Bias
Reverse Bias.
Figure 1-19.?Reverse-Biased Pn Junction.
Pn Junction Application
Figure 1-21b.?Simple Half-Wave Rectifier
Figure 1-22.?A Metallic Rectifier.
Diode Switch
Diode Characteristics
Signal Diodes
Diode Identification
Figure 1-26.?Semiconductor Diode Markings
Diode Maintenance
Diode Maintenance-Cont.
Figure 1-28.?Checking A Diode With An Ohmmeter
Summary
Electron?s Energy Level
Covalent Bonding
Doping
P-Type Semiconductor
Pn Junction Construction
Junction Barrier
Forward Bias
Pn Junction
Metallic Rectifier
Diode Markings
Diode Maintenance
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q36
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q36
Chapter 2 Transistors
Transistor Fundamentals
Figure 2-2.?Transistor Block Diagrams
Construction
Figure 2-4.?Transistor Constructions
Transistor Theory
Npn Forward-Biased Junction
Npn Reverse-Biased Junction
Figure 2-6.?The Reverse-Biased Junction In An Npn Transistor
Figure 2-7.?Npn Transistor Operation
Pnp Transistor Operation
Pnp Forward-Biased Junction
Pnp Reverse-Biased Junction
Pnp Junction Interaction
The Basic Transistor Amplifier
The Basic Transistor Amplifier-Cont.
Figure 2-12.?The Basic Transistor Amplifier
Types Of Bias
Base-Current Bias (Fixed Bias)
Combination Bias
Amplifier Classes Of Operation
Class C Amplifier Operation
Transistor Configurations
Common Emitter
Common Emitter-Cont.
Common Base
Common Collector
Table 2-1.?Transistor Configuration Comparison Chart
Common Collector -Cont.
Transistor Specifications
Transistor Maintenance
Lead Identification
Transistor Testing
Testing Transistors With An Ohmmeter
Transistor Junction Resistance Test
Table 2-2.?Possible Transistor Problems From Ohmmeter Readings
Microelectronics
Figure 2-20a.?A Typical Printed Circuit Board (Pcb). Front Side
Figure 2-21.?Ics On A Printed Circuit Board
Microelectronics -Cont.
Figure 2-23.?Common Ic Packaging Styles
Summary
Transistor Manufacturing Processes
Pnp Transistor Operation
Basic Transistor Amplifier
Class A Amplifiers
Class C Amplifiers
Common-Emitter Configuration (Ce)
Common-Collector Configuration (Cc)
Transistors Are Identified
Transistor Gain Test
Microelectronics
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q42
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q42
Chapter 3 Special Devices
Diodes
Conduction Band
Figure 3-2b.-Energy Diagram For Zener Diode
Figure 3-3.?Avalanche Multiplication.
Figure 3-4c.?Schematic Symbols For Zener Diodes
Figure 3-4e.?Schematic Symbols For Zener Diodes
The Tunnel Diode
Figure 3-6a.?Tunnel Diode Energy Diagram With No Bias
Figure 3-6b.?Tunnel Diode Energy Diagram With No Bias
Figure 3-7b.?Tunnel Diode Energy Diagram With 50 Millivolts Bias
Figure 3-8a.?Tunnel Diode Energy Diagram With 450 Millivolts Bias
Figure 3-9b.?Tunnel Diode Energy Diagram With 600 Millivolts Bias
Figure 3-10c.?Tunnel Diode Schematic Symbols
Varactor
Figure 3-14.?Reverse-Biased Pn Junction
Figure 3-15.?Varactor Capacitance Versus Bias Voltage.
Silicon Controlled Rectifier (Scr)
Figure 3-17b.?Silicon Controlled Rectifier
Figure 3-18a.?Scr Structure
Figure 3-18c.?Scr Structure.
Figure 3-19.?Characteristic Curve For An Scr
Figure 3-21.?Comparison Of An Scr And A Thyratron
Triac
Figure 3-24.?Back To Back Scr Equivalent Circuit
Figure 3-25b.?Comparison Of Scr And Triac Circuits.
Optoelectronic Devices
Figure 3-28b.?Seven-Segment Led Display
Figure 3-29b.?Seven-Segment Led Display Examples
Figure 3-31.?Photodiode.
Figure 3-32.?Phototransistor.
Figure 3-34.?Photocell
Figure 3-37.?Optical Coupler.
Transistors
Figure 3-39.?Transistor And Ujt
Figure 3-40.?Transistor And Ujt Structure
Figure 3-42b.?Ujt Voltage Gradient.
Field Effect Transistors
Figure 3-45.?Jfet Structure
Figure 3-46.?Symbols And Bias Voltages For Transistors And Jfet.
Figure 3-48.?Jfet With Reverse Bias
Figure 3-49.?Jfet Input Impedance.
Figure 3-51.?Jfet Common Source Amplifier
Figure 3-52c.?Mosfet Symbols
Figure 3-53.?Mosfet Structure
Figure 3-54a.?Effects Of Bias On N-Channel Depletion Mosfet
Figure 3-54c.?Effects Of Bias On N-Channel Depletion Mosfet
Figure 3-55b.?Effects Of Bias On N-Channel Enhancement Mosfet
Figure 3-56.?Induced Channel Mosfet Construction.
Figure 3-58.?Mosfet Shorting Spring.
Summary
Varactor
Optoelectronic Devices
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q44
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q44
Chapter 4 Solid-State Power Supplies
Figure 4-1b.?Block Diagram Of A Basic Power Supply
The Power Transformer
The Rectifier
Rms, Peak, And Average Values
Ripple Frequency
The Conventional Full-Wave Rectifier
A Practical Full-Wave Rectifier
Figure 4-7.?Peak And Average Values For A Full-Wave Rectifier.
The Bridge Rectifier
Figure 4-8.?Bridge Rectifier
Filters
Figure 4-10a.?Capacitor Filter. Fast Charge
Figure 4-10b.?Capacitor Filter. Slow Discharge
Figure 4-11.?Rc Time Constant.
Figure 4-13.?Inductive Filter (Expanding Field)
The Capacitor Filter
Figure 4-16b.?Half-Wave Rectifier With And Without Filtering. Filtered
Figure 4-17a.?Capacitor Filter Circuit (Positive And Negative Half Cycles). Positive Half-Cycle
Figure 4-17b.?Capacitor Filter Circuit (Positive And Negative Half Cycles). Negative Half-Cycle
Halfwave Rectifier
14179_192
Lc Choke-Input Filter
Figure 4-20a.?Lc Choke-Input Filter (Charge And Discharge Paths). Charge Path
Figure 4-21.?Lc Choke-Input Filter
Figure 4-22.?Filtering Action Of The Lc Choke-Input Filter
Figure 4-23.?Half-Wave Rectifier With An Lc Choke-Input Filter
Figure 4-24.?Ac Component In An Lc Choke-Input Filter
Figure 4-26.?Dc Component In An Lc Choke-Input Filter
Failure Analysis Of An Lc Choke-Input Filter
Resistor-Capacitor (Rc) Filters
Figure 4-28.?Rc Filter And Waveforms
Failure Analysis Of The Resistor-Capacitor (Rc) Filter
Figure 4-29.?Lc Filter And Waveforms
Voltage Regulation
Regulators
Series And Shunt Voltage Regulators
Figure 4-32.?Series Voltage Regulator
Series And Shunt Voltage Regulators
Figure 4-34.?Series Voltage Regulator
Figure 4-36a.?Series Voltage Regulator. Increase In Output
Figure 4-37.?Shunt Voltage Regulator
Figure 4-39a.?Shunt Voltage Regulator. Increase In Output Voltage
Current Regulators
Figure 4-41.?Current Regulator
Voltage Multipliers
Figure 4-44.?Half-Wave Voltage Doubler.
Figure 4-45a.?Rectifier Action Of Cr1 And Cr2. Positive Alternation
Figure 4-47.?Half-Wave Voltage Tripler
Figure 4-48a.?Voltage Tripler. Positive Alternation
Short Circuit Protection
Troubleshooting Power Supplies
Testing
Figure 4-51.?Complete Power Supply (Without Regulator)
Component Problems
Capacitor And Resistor Troubles-Cont.
Summary
Bridge Rectifiers
Inductor Filters
Series Regulator
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q43
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q43
Appendix I Glossary
Appendix I Glossary
Appendix I Glossary
Appendix I Glossary
Appendix I Glossary
Appendix I Glossary
Appendix I Glossary
Appendix Ii Periodic Table Of The Elements
Appendix Ii Periodic Table Of The Elements
Appendix Ii Periodic Table Of The Elements
Appendix Ii Periodic Table Of The Elements
Appendix Ii Periodic Table Of The Elements
Module 7 Index
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NEETS, MODULE 08--INTRODUCTION TO AMPLIFIERS
Presents an introduction to what amplification is and how different types and classes of amplifiers affect amplification. Topic 1 discusses audio amplifiers. Topic 2 discusses video amplifiers and radio frequency amplifiers. Topic 3 presents differential, operational, and magnetic amplifiers. Factors which affect how an amplifier performs, such as impedance, feedback frequency response, and coupling, are also explained.
Chapter 1 Amplifiers
Uses Of Amplification
Classification Of Amplifiers
Power Amplifier
Frequency Response Of Amplifiers
Amplifier Classes Of Operation
Class Ab Operation
Class B Operation
Amplifier Coupling
Direct Coupling
Rc Coupling
Impedance Coupling
Transformer Coupling
Impedance Considerations For Amplifiers
Figure 1-13.?Effect Of Impedance Matching In The Coupling Of Two Circuits
Impedance Characteristics Of Amplifier Configurations
Impedance Characteristics Of Amplifier Configurations-Cont.
Amplifier Feedback
Figure 1-16.?Negative Feedback In An Amplifier
Positive Feedback
Figure 1-18.?Positive Feedback In A Transistor Amplifier
Figure 1-19.?Positive Feedback In Two Stages Of Transistor Amplification
Negative Feedback
Audio Amplifiers
Single-Stage Audio Amplifiers
Figure 1-23.?Transistor Audio Amplifier.
Phase Splitters
Figure 1-27.?Single-Stage Transistor Phase Splitter
Push-Pull Amplifiers
Summary
Class A Operation
Class B Operation
Direct Coupling
Impedance Coupling
Maximum Voltage Input Signal
Common-Base
Positive (Regenerative) Feedback
Phase Splitter
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q33
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q33
Chapter 2 Video And Rf Amplifiers
Amplifier Frequency Response
Bandwidth Of An Amplifier
Bandwidth Of An Amplifier
Reading Amplifier Frequency-Response Curves
Figure 2-2c.?Frequency Response Curves
Figure 2-2d.?Frequency Response Curves.
Figure 2-3b.?Frequency-Response Curves For Q3
Factors Affecting Frequency Response Of An Amplifier
Figure 2-4b.?Amplifiers Showing Reactive Elements And Reactance
Figure 2-5.?Interelectrode Capacitance Of A Transistor
Video Amplifiers
Shunt Peaking
Combination Peaking
Low-Frequency Compensation For Video Amplifiers
Typical Video-Amplifier Circuit
Radio-Frequency Amplifiers
Amplifier Input/Output Impedance And Gain
Frequency-Determining Network For An Rf Amplifier
Figure 2-14.?Simple Rf Amplifier
Rf Amplifier Coupling
Figure 2-16a.?Effect Of Coupling On Frequency Response. Loose Coupling
Compensation Of Rf Amplifiers
Neutralization Of Rf Amplifiers
Figure 2-18.?Neutralized Rf Amplifier
Figure 2-19.?Typical Am Radio Rf Amplifier
Figure 2-20.?Typical Vhf Television Rf Amplifier.
Frequency-Response Curve
Upper-Frequency Response
Series Peaking
Combination Peaking
Transformer Coupling
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q42.
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q42.
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q42.
Chapter 3 Special Amplifiers
Differential Amplifiers
Figure 3-1b.?Common-Emitter And Common-Base Amplifiers
The Two-Input, Single-Output, Difference Amplifier
Figure 3-3.?Input Signals 180º Out Of Phase
The Two-Input, Single-Output, Difference Amplifier
Figure 3-4.?Input Signals In Phase
The Two-Input, Single-Output, Difference Amplifier
Figure 3-5.?Input Signals 90º Out Of Phase
Typical Differential Amplifier Circuit
Single-Input, Single-Output, Differential Amplifier
Single-Input, Differential-Output, Differential Amplifier
Differential-Input, Differential-Output, Differential Amplifier
Figure 3-9.?Differential-Input, Differential-Output Differential Amplifier
Operational Amplifiers
Block Diagram Of An Operational Amplifier
Figure 3-11.?Block Diagram Of An Operational Amplifier
Closed-Loop Operation Of An Operational Amplifier
Figure 3-13.?Inverting Configuration
Figure 3-14c.?Virtual Ground Circuits
Closed-Loop Operation Of An Operational Amplifier
Closed-Loop Operation Of An Operational Amplifier
Noninverting Configuration
Figure 3-16.?Noninverting Configuration
Bandwidth Limitations
Figure 3-17.?Open-Loop Frequency-Response Curve
Figure 3-18.?Closed-Loop Frequency-Response Curve For Gain Of 100
Figure 3-19.?Closed-Loop Frequency-Response Curve For Gain Of 10
Applications Of Operational Amplifiers
Figure 3-20.?Two-Input Adder
Figure 3-21.?Current And Voltage In A Two-Input Adder
Figure 3-22.?Five-Input Adder
Figure 3-23.?Summing Amplifier
Scaling Amplifier
Figure 3-24.?Scaling Amplifier
Summing Amplifier (Adder)-Cont.
Difference Amplifier (Subtractor)
Difference Amplifier (Subtractor)
Difference Amplifier (Subtractor)
Difference Amplifier (Subtractor)
Difference Amplifier (Subtractor)
Figure 3-27.?Circuit For Q31 Through Q33
Magnetic Amplifiers
Basic Operation Of A Magnetic Amplifier-Cont.
Methods Of Changing Inductance
Figure 3-30.?Varying Coil Inductance With A Movable Coil
Saturable-Core Reactor
Figure 3-32.?A Simple Saturable-Core Reactor Circuit
Figure 3-34.?Magnetization And Permeability Curves With Operating Point
Figure 3-36a.?Three-Legged, Saturable-Core Reactor. First Half Cycle
Figure 3-37a.?Toroidal Saturable-Core Reactor. First Half Cycle
Simplified Magnetic Amplifier Circuitry
Figure 3-38a.?Simple Half-Wave Magnetic Amplifier. First Half Cycle
Figure 3-39a.?Simple Full-Wave Magnetic Amplifier. First Half Cycle
Figure 3-40.?Full-Wave Magnetic Amplifier With Bias Winding
Summary
Differencial Amplifier In Phase
Differential Amplifier
Single Input And A Differential Output
Operational Amplifier
Noninverting Configuration
Gain-Bandwidth Product
Scaling Amplifier
Saturable-Core Reactor
Magnetic Amplifiers
Bias Winding
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q50.
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q50.
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q50.
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q50.
Appendix I Glossary
Appendix I Glossary
Appendix I Glossary
Module 8 Index
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NEETS, MODULE 09--INTRODUCTION TO WAVE-GENERATION AND WAVE-SHAPING CIRCUITS
Introduces electronic wave-generating and wave-shaping circuits. Topic 1 discusses tuned circuits, resonance, resonant circuits, filter circuits, bandwidth, and special safety precautions to be observed when repairing tuned circuits. Topic 2 presents fundamental oscillator theory, including circuit configuration and frequency and amplitude stability of circuits. Topic 3 presents various waveforms, and waveform-generating circuits such as multivibrators, blocking oscillators, and time-based generators. Topic 4 describes limiters, dampers, differentiators, integrators, and counters.
Chapter 1 Tuned Circuits
Figure 1-1b.?Basic Tuned Circuits. Parallel Tuned Circuit
Review Of Series/Parallel A.C. Circuits
Effect Of Frequency On Capacitive Reactance
Effect Of Frequency On Resistance
Resonance
Figure 1-4.?Practice Tank Circuit.
Resonant Frequency-Cont.
Resonant Circuits
The Ideal Series-Resonant Circuit
Warning
How The Ideal Series-Lc Circuit Respond To A Frequency Below Resonance (100 Khz)
How The Ideal Series-Lc Circuit Responds To A Frequency Above Resonance (300 Khz)
How The Typical Series-Lc Circuit Differs From The Ideal
Figure 1-7.?Curves Of Impedance And Current In An Rlc Series Resonant Circuit
How The Parallel-Lc Circuit Stores Energy
Figure 1-8d.?Capacitor And Inductor Action In A Tank Circuit
Figure 1-8f.?Capacitor And Inductor Action In A Tank Circuit.
Figure 1-8i.?Capacitor And Inductor Action In A Tank Circuit
Parallel Resonance
The Characteristics Of A Typical Parallel-Resonant Circuit
Tuning A Band Of Frequencies
Resonant Circuits As Filter Circuits
Q Is A Ratio
Q Relationships In Series Circuits
Table 1-1.?Major Characteristics Of Series Rlc Circuits At Resonance
Q Relationships In A Parallel-Resonant Circuit
Summary Of Q
Bandwidth
Bandwidth-Cont.
Filters
Figure 1-13.?Effect Of Frequency On Capacitive And Inductive Reactance
Figure 1-14.?Reaction To Circuit By Change In Frequency
Low-Pass Filter
Figure 1-16a.?Components Of A Simple Low-Pass Filter
High-Pass Filter
Resonant Circuits As Filters
Figure 1-20a.?Components Of A Simple Bandpass Filter
Band-Reject Filter
Figure 1-22c.?Components Of A Simple Band-Reject Filter
Multisection Filters
Figure 1-23b.?Formation Of A T-Type Filter
Safety Precautions
Effect Of Frequency
Resultant Reactance
Parallel-Lc Circuit
Bandwidth
Low-Pass Filter
High-Pass Filter
Band-Reject Filter
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q21
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q21
Chapter 2 Oscillators
The Basic Oscillator
Sine-Wave Oscillator
Figure 2-2b.?Rc Oscillator. Vector Analysis
Lc Network
Crystals
Figure 2-6b.?Crystal Symbol And Equivalent Circuits. Equivalent Circuit
Solid-State Lc Oscillators
Types Of Feedback
Common-Collector Configuration
Oscillator Circuits
Frequency Stability
Armstrong Oscillator
Figure 2-10d.?Basic Armstrong Oscillator Circuit. Oscillator
Armstrong Oscillator
Figure 2-11.?Tuned-Base Armstrong Oscillator.
Hartley Oscillator
Shunt-Fed Hartley Oscillator
Colpitts Oscillator
Figure 2-15.?Colpitts Oscillator.
Resistive-Capacitive (Rc) Feedback Oscillator
Phase-Shift Oscillators
Figure 2-18b.?Three-Section, Phase-Shifting Rc Network. Phase-Shift Network C2 And R2
Crystal Oscillators
Crystals As Tuned Circuits
Crystal-Controlled Armstrong Oscillator
Crystal-Controlled Pierce Oscillator
Pulsed Oscillators
Frequency Of A Pulsed Oscillator
Harmonics
Frequency Multiplication
Buffer Amplifier
Summary
Oscillator
Armstrong Oscillator
Crystal Oscillators
Buffer Amplifier
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q23
Chapter 3 Waveforms And Wave Generators
Square Wave
Figure 3-2.?Square Wave
Sawtooth Wave
Trapezoidal Wave
Astable Multivibrator
Figure 3-4.?Astable Multivibrator (Q1 Saturated)
Figure 3-5.?Astable Multivibrator
Frequency Stability
Monostable Multivibrator
Figure 3-11.?Monostable Multivibrator Schematic.
Figure 3-13.?Monostable Multivibrator (Triggered)
Figure 3-14.?Waveforms Of A Monostable Multivibrator (Triggered)
Figure 3-15b.?Monostable Miltivibrator And Waveshapes. Waveshapes
Bistable Multivibrator
Figure 3-17b.?Bistable Multivibrator And Waveforms
Figure 3-18.?Basic Flip-Flop
Figure 3-20.?Flip-Flop (Q1 Voltage Divider)
Figure 3-21.?Flip-Flop (Q2 Voltage Divider)
Figure 3-24.?Flip-Flop (Original State)
Figure 3-26.?Flip-Flop (Clear State)
Figure 3-27.?Flip-Flop With Trigger Pulse On Set And Inputs
Blocking Oscillator
Figure 3-31a.?Rl Circuit
Simple Series Rl Circuit
Figure 3-33.?Blocking Oscillator
Figure 3-34.?Blocking Oscillator Idealized Waveforms
Figure 3-35.?Circuit Damping.
Underdamping
Figure 3-37b.?Blocking Oscillator (Synchronized)
Time-Base Generators
Figure 3-38b.?Series Rc Circuit
Figure 3-39.?Universal Time Constant Chart
Figure 3-40.?Sawtooth Waveform
Figure 3-41b.?Transistor Sawtooth Generator
Sawtooth Wave
Figure 3-42b.?Relationship Of Gate To Linearity
Figure 3-43b.?Relationship Of R And C To Linearity
Figure 3-44a.?Unijunction Sawtooth Generator. Schematic
Figure 3-44b.?Unijunction Sawtooth Generator. Emitter Waveform
Figure 3-45a.?Improved Unijunction Sawtooth Generator
Figure 3-46.?Synchronized Sawtooth Generator
Transistor Sawtooth Generator
Figure 3-47c.?Transistor Sawtooth Generator (Pnp)
Trapezoidal Sweep Generator
Figure 3-49b.?Series Lr Circuit.
Figure 3-50a.?Trapezoidal Waveform Generator
Figure 3-50b.?Trapezoidal Waveform Generator
Effect Of Frequency On Inductive Reactance-Cont.
Summary
Trapezoidal Wave
Monostable Multivibrator
Clear State
Sawtooth Generator
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q14.
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q14.
Chapter 4 Wave Shaping
Series-Positive Limiter
Figure 4-2.?Actual Output Of A Series-Positive Limiter
Series-Positive Limiter With Bias
Figure 4-3b.?Positive And Negative Bias. Negative Bias
Figure 4-5a.?Series-Positive Limiter With Negative Bias
Series-Negative Limiter
Series-Negative Limiter With Bias
Parallel Limiters
Parallel-Positive Limiter
Parallel-Positive Limiter With Bias
Figure 4-11b.?Parallel-Positive Limiter With Positive Bias
Parallel-Negative Limiter
Parallel-Negative Limiter With Bias
Dual-Diode Limiter
Clampers
Figure 4-16c.?Clamping Waveforms
Series Rc Circuits
Positive-Diode Clampers
Figure 4-18b.?Positive Damper And Waveform
Positive-Diode Clampers
Positive-Diode Clamper With Bias
Positive-Diode Clamper With Negative Bias
Negative-Diode Clampers
Figure 4-21b.?Negative Clamper And Waveform
Negative-Diode Clamper With Negative Bias
Negative Clamper With Positive Bias
Figure 4-23b.?Negative Clamper With Positive Bias
Common-Base Transistor Clamper
Shaping Circuits
Composition Of Nonsinusoidal Waves
Figure 4-25.?Harmonic Composition Of A Square Wave
Figure 4-26b.?Composition Of A Sawtooth Wave
Figure 4-26d.?Composition Of A Sawtooth Wave
Nonsinusoidal Voltages Applied To An Rc Circuit
Rc Integrators
Figure 4-31.?Partial Integration
Table 4-1.?Resistive And Reactive Values
Rl Integrators
Short Time-Constant Integrator
Figure 4-35.?Rc Integrator Circuit
Long Time-Constant Integrator
Differentiators
Short Time-Constant Differentiator
Medium Time-Constant Differentiator
Long Time-Constant Differentiator
Counters
Positive Counters
Figure 4-43b.?Positive-Diode Counter And Waveform
Negative Counters
Figure 4-45b.?Basic Step Counter And Waveforms
Figure 4-46a.?Step Counter As A Frequency Divider And Waveforms.
Summary
Series-Negative Limiter
Parallel-Positive Limiter
Clamping Circuit
Common-Base Transistor Clamper
Sawtooth Wave
Integration
Answers To Question Q1. Through Q27
Answers To Question Q1. Through Q27
Appendix I Glossary
Appendix I Glossary
Appendix I Glossary
Appendix I Glossary
Appendix Ii Square And Square Roots
Module 9 Index
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NEETS, MODULE 10--INTRODUCTION TO WAVE PROPAGATION, TRANSMISSION LINES, AND ANTENNAS
Introduces wave propagation, transmission lines, and antenna theory. Topic 1 discusses wave motion, sound-wave terminology, light waves, properties of electromagnetic waves and the electromagnetic spectrum. Topic 2 discusses radio-wave propagation, including components of radio waves, electromagnetic fields, and effects of the Earth's atmosphere and terrain on radio waves. Topic 3 discusses transmission line theory, including terminology, types of lines, losses, length of lines, and discussions on characteristic impedance, electromagnetic fields, line reflections, standing waves, and standing-wave ratio. Topic 4 discusses several antennas, including the Hertz, Marconi, several arrays, and special antennas.
Chapter 1 Wave Propagation
Principles Of Wave Motion
Wave Motion In Water
Figure 1-1.?Formation Of Waves In Water
Transverse Waves
Medium
Terms Used In Wave Motion
Cycle
Characteristics Of Wave Motion
Figure 1-8.?Longitudinal Wave Represented Graphically By A Transverse Wave
Characteristics Of Wave Motion-Cont.
Characteristics Of Wave Motion-Cont.
Reflection
Refraction
Figure 1-10.?Refraction Of A Wave
Diffraction
Sound Waves
Requirements For Sound
Characteristics Of Sound
The Intensity Of Sound
Sound Quality
Elasticity And Density And Velocity Of Transmission
Acoustics
Interference
Propagation Of Light
Electromagnetic Theory Of Light
Frequencies And Color
Properties Of Light
Figure 1-20.?Transparent, Translucent, And Opaque Substances
Reflection Of Light
Diffusion Of Light
Comparison Of Light Waves With Sound Waves
Electromagnetic Spectrum
The Basic Antenna
Components Of The Electromagnetic Wave
Electric Field
Figure 1-26.?Electric Fields Between Plates At Different Angles
Magnetic Field
Figure 1-28.?Magnetic Fields Around Elements
Combined Electric And Magnetic Fields
Summary
Longitudinal Wave
Law Of Reflection
Doppler Effect
Primary Colors
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q48
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q48
Chapter 2 Radio Wave Propagation
Electromagnetic Fields
Figure 2-2.?Phase Relationship Of Induction Field Components
Radiation Fields
Figure 2-3.?Radiation From An Antenna
Radio Waves
Table 2-1.?Radio Frequency Bands
Wavelength-To-Frequency Conversions
Wavelength-To-Frequency Conversions-Cont.
Polarization
Atmospheric Propagation
Refraction
Diffraction
The Effect Of The Earth's Atmosphere On Radio Waves
Radio Wave Transmission
Surface Wave
Space Wave
Structure Of The Ionosphere
Four Distinct Layers
Refraction In The Ionosphere
Density Of Layer
Angle Of Incidence
Figure 2-18.?Effects Of Frequency On The Critical Angle
Skip Distance/Skip Zone
Absorption In The Ionosphere
Fading
Transmission Losses
Ground Reflection Loss
Control Of Emi
Eleven-Year Sun Spot Cycle
Sporadic E
Frequency Selection Considerations
Optimum Working Frequency
Weather Versus Propagation
Temperature Inversion
Tropospheric Propagation
Tropospheric Scattering
Summary
Vertically Polarized
Troposphere
Sky Waves
Critical Frequency
Skip Zone
Multipath Fading
Optimum Working Frequency (Fot)
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q48
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q48
Chapter 3 Principles Of Transmission Lines
Terminology
Two-Wire Open Line
Shielded Pair
Figure 3-6.?Air Coaxial Line.
Waveguides
Losses In Transmission Lines
Dielectric Losses
Length Of A Transmission Line-Cont.
Transmission Line Theory
Distributed Constants
Capacitance Of A Transmission Line
Electromagnetic Fields About A Transmission Line
Characteristic Impedance Of A Transmission Line
Characteristic Impedance And The Infinite Line
Characteristic Impedance And The Infinite Line-Cont.
Figure 3-17.?Termination Of A Line.
Voltage Change Along A Transmission Line
Ac Applied To A Transmission Line
Dc Applied To An Infinite Line
Ac Applied To An Infinite Line
Figure 3-21.?Ac Applied To An Equivalent Transmission Line.
Figure 3-22.?Instantaneous Voltages Along A Transmission Line
Velocity Of Wave Propagation
Figure 3-23.?Dc Applied To An Equivalent Transmission Line
Determining Characteristic Impedance
Determining Characteristic Impedance-Cont.
Reflection Of Dc Voltage From An Open Circuit
Figure 3-24.?Reflection From An Open-Ended Line.
Reflection Of Dc Voltage From A Short Circuit
Figure 3-25.?Reflection From A Short-Circuited Line
Reflection Of Ac Voltage From An Open Circuit
Reflection Of Ac Voltage From An Open Circuit-Cont.
Figure 3-27.?Instantaneous Values Of Incident And Reflected Waves On An Open-Ended Line
Figure 3-28.?Conventional Picture Of Standing Waves
Figure 3-29.?Composite Results Of Instantaneous Waves
Reflection Of Ac Voltage From A Short Circuit
Terminating A Transmission Line
Figure 3-31.?Sending-End Impedance Of Various Lengths And Terminations
Impedance For Various Lengths Of Open Lines
Figure 3-32.?Voltage, Current, And Impedance On Open Line
Impedance Of Various Lengths Of Shorted Lines
Standing Waves On A Transmission Line
Termination In An Open Circuit
Termination In Inductance
Termination In A Resistance Less Than Z0
Voltage Standing-Wave Ratio
Summary
Shielded Pair
Copper Losses
Leakage Current
Characteristic Impedance, Z
Short-Circuited
Nonresonant
Terminations
Standing Wave Ratio
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q30
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q30
Chapter 4 Antennas
Principles Of Antenna Radiation
Figure 4-2.?Typical Antenna System
Current And Voltage Distribution On An Antenna
Figure 4-4.?Current And Voltage Distribution On An Antenna
Radiation Of Electromagnetic Energy
Figure 4-6.?Standing Waves Of Voltage And Current On An Antenna
Antenna Characteristics
Polarization
Polarization Requirements For Various Frequencies
Advantages Of Vertical Polarization
Radiation Resistance
Isotropic Radiation
Rectangular-Coordinate Pattern
Anisotropic Radiation
Figure 4-11.?Anisotropic Radiator
Antenna Loading
Basic Antennas
Radiation Patterns
Radiation Pattern Of A Dipole
Methods Of Feeding Energy To An Antenna
Characteristics Of Quarter-Wave Antennas
Figure 4-19.?Groundscreen And Counterpoise
Folded Dipole
Array Antennas
Phasing
Stub Phasing
Directivity
Directional Arrays
Radiation Pattern
Broadside Arrays
Gain And Directivity
End-Fire Arrays
Figure 4-29.?Parallel Elements 180 Degrees Out Of Phase
Parasitic Arrays
Operation
Figure 4-31.?Patterns Obtained Using A Reflector With Proper Spacing
Gain And Directivity
Yagi Antennas
Special Antennas
Long-Wire Antenna
Rhombic Antenna
Advantages
Disadvantages
Turnstile Antenna
Ground-Plane Antenna
Rf Safety Precautions
Figure 4-43.?Examples Of Rf Radiation Warning Signs
Precautions When Working Aloft
Radiation Resistance
Anisotropic Radiator
Antenna Loading
Quarter-Wave Antenna (Marconi)
Folded Dipole
End-Fire Array
Parasitic Array
Beverage Antennas
Turnstile Antenna
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q48
Answers To Questions Q1. Through Q48
Glossary
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NEETS, MODULE 11--MICROWAVE PRINCIPLES
Presents an introduction to microwave principles. Topic 1 introduces waveguides in terms of theory and application; various waveguide devices are explained. Topic 2 describes microwave components and circuits. Microwave components, tube principles and types, the decibel measurement system, and solid-state microwave devices are covered. Topic 3 describes microwave antennas. Antenna characteristics, reflector antennas, horn radiators, lens antennas, arrays, and frequency sensitive antennas are explained.
Chapter 1 Waveguide Theory And Application
Waveguide Theory
Waveguide Advantages
Waveguide Advantages - Continued
Waveguide Disadvantages
Developing The Waveguide From Parallel Lines
Energy Propagation In Waveguides
Waveguide Modes Of Operation
Waveguide Input/Output Methods
Waveguide Impedance Matching
Waveguide Terminations
Waveguide Plumbing
Waveguide Devices
Directional Couplers
Cavity Resonators
Waveguide Junctions
Ferrite Devices
Summary
