You can also trans-illuminate the paranasal sinuses, scrotum, and the skull of infants.
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For the first, it's helpful in diagnosing sinusitis suggested by tenderness upon palpation (when the doctor mashes down on these sinuses during your exam). The room has to be thoroughly darkened, and usually, a very narrow-beam light-source (fiber-optic "stick" or, in certain instances, a "device" made from the cut-off fingertip of a medical exam glove) is used to allow for precise location. Usually, an absence of transmitted "red glow" through the sinuses suggests that there might be thickened mucosa or secretions (for the frontal sinus, right above each eyebrow, this test exam technique is complicated by the fact that there can be a developmental absence of one or both of these sinuses in certain individuals).
Swelling in the scrotum other than the testicles can be examined by transillumination. Room is darkened, and the beam is directed from behind the scrotum towards the front. The medical professional than looks for light transmission as the usual red glow. Usually, transillumination reveals a red glow if the swelling is (serous) fluid in nature -- with blood and tissue swellings, such as a tumor or a hernia, not transilluminating. The normal testis, of course, is solid, and will not transilluminate.
Transillumination is also often employed to help diagnose infants suspected of certain central nervous system diseases, such as hydrocephalus.
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Allen
aka DumboRAT